The font in math equations is called "Latin Modern Math". It is located at
usr/share/texmf-dist/fonts/opentype/public/lm
in a texlive installation on Linux. For other latex versions it should be in a similar position starting with texmf something.
After installing this font, one can use it in software. And the next question is how to input. The characters in the font can be input using UTF-8 code. The dictionary of correspondence can be found at
http://mirror.csclub.
One can input UTF-8 in emacs using command "ucs-insert".
EDIT (Dec 15, 2012): In a new version of tex-live, the Latin Modern Math font is at usr/share/texmf-dist/fonts/opentype/public/lm-math